EU Policy and Clean Technologies for Energy-Intensive Industries: Competitiveness, Decarbonisation and Climate Neutrality

Abstract

This policy review analyses how the European Union is combining industrial competitiveness, climate neutrality and strategic autonomy in its current policy framework for energy-intensive industries. It focuses on the main policy instruments and technology pathways affecting basic metals, non-metallic minerals, chemicals, and pulp and paper, which form a strategic industrial base for the European economy.